This study guide is written for students and teachers of English Literature, particularly those studying CCEAโs GCSE English Literature Identity Anthology. For more study guides from this anthology, check outย the list of poems in the series at the bottom of this guide.
The Road Not Taken
What is 'The Road Not Taken' all about?
Summary of stanza 1
The speaker describes a countryside walk with a friend (read more about this friend in the context section below). The description โyellowโ suggests an autumnal walk. When he meets a fork in the road, the speaker spends a long time trying to select a path. He even wishes he could travel both before making a decision as to which would be better.
![Two roads diverged in a yellow wood from The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Two-roads-diverged-in-a-yellow-wood_The-Road-Not-Taken-by-Robert-Frost-300x300.jpg)
Summary of stanza 2
The speaker decides to take one of the paths over the other as the grass looks less worn. On reflection, however, he makes the observation that both paths are equally worn. In this way, the implication is that there was no logic to the decision, simply a whim or a gut feeling.
![Two roads diverged in a yellow wood - The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/118-300x300.jpg)
Summary of stanza 3
In stanza three, the speaker makes a mental decision to come back another day to try the other path. However, he then goes on to acknowledge that this is unlikely to ever happen. โWay leads on to wayโ tells us that the choices quickly take us far from the original choice, and life will not bring him back to this decision again. At this point in stanza three, the metaphor of the road as lifeโs choices becomes clear.
![The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost analysis](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/The-Road-Not-Taken-by-Robert-Frost-300x300.jpg)
Summary of stanza 4
The poem ends with a look ahead to the recounting of this moment in time. The speaker imagines telling this story years from now โwith a sighโ and the conclusion that this one choice, to take the less travelled path, has โmade all the differenceโ to his life.ย
Context of 'The Road Not Taken'
Robert Frost's life and education
Robert Frost, born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, California, is regarded as one of Americaโs most iconic poets. He spent much of his early life in rural New England, which deeply influenced his poetry. Despite not completing a formal education, Frost was a voracious reader and largely self-educated. He attended Dartmouth College but left, later stating โI wasnโt suited for that place.โ In addition, he attended Harvard University for a brief period in 1897 but left without a degree, choosing instead to support his family.
Frost experienced personal tragedy, losing his father when he was just eleven years old and his mother when he was twenty-six. In 1895, he married Elinor Miriam White, and they had six children, two of whom died in infancy. These family joys and sorrows profoundly influenced his poetry.
![Robert Frost](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Robert-Frost-300x300.jpg)
Frost's career
Frostโs poems, such as โThe Road Not Taken,โ โStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,โ and โMending Wall,โ have become classics in American literature. He received four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry during his career and served as the U.S. Poet Laureate.
Context of 'The Road Not Taken': Frost's Friendship with Edward Thomas
Who is Edward Thomas?
Edward Thomas (1878-1917) was a British poet, essayist, and literary critic who is known for his contributions to early 20th-century English poetry. Before he turned to poetry, he was primarily a prose writer and a well-regarded literary critic.
Thomas gained prominence as a literary reviewer, and in this capacity, Frost sought his help in reviewing โNorth of Bostonโ, Frostโs first poetry collection. Frost travelled with his family to England and struck up a friendship with Thomas which became much more significant than a work-related friendship. It became a long-lasting friendship of like-minded souls. Frost referred to Thomas as โthe only brother I ever had.โ
Thomas and Frost shared a love of nature and poetry and talked for hours on long walks in the English countryside. Along with another famous poet Eleanor Farjeon,ย Frost is believed to have encouraged Thomas to pursue his passion for poetry through writing in addition to reviewing.
You can click these links to read more aboutย Frostโs friendship with Thomas, letters between the Frosts and Edwardโs wife Helen Thomasย and the story of the poem โThe Road Not Takenโ.
Thomas and 'The Road Not Taken'
In 1915, having returned to New England, Frost penned โThe Road Not Takenโ and sent it to Thomas. The original plan between the friends was that Thomas should follow Frost to the US, but with the outbreak of war, travel became unsafe. Thomas was also plagued by a reluctant desire to do his duty and enlist to fight.
Frostโs poem is a playful attack on his very good friendโs tendency to be indecisive, but to claim certainty in hindsight. The story goes that Thomas read the poem with more sense of reproach than the playfulness that Frost had intended. Soon after receiving the poem, Thomas decided to enlist. Tragically, Thomas was killed in action on the first day of the Battle of Arras in northern France on 9th April 1917. Fellow poet and close friend Eleanor Farjeonโs friendship with Thomas was so profound that she wrote her poem Easter Monday (In Memoriam E.T.) (1917) on hearing of Thomasโ death. Both Farjeon and Frost continued strong friendships with Helen Thomas long after Edwardโs death.
![Two roads/Choices The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Choices_The-Road-Not-Taken-by-Robert-Frost-300x300.jpg)
Line-by-line analysis
Stanza 1
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
![Two roads diverged - Frost The Road Not Taken](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/117-300x300.jpg)
- Imagery: โyellow woodโ creates a vivid visual image, setting the scene in a forest during autumn.
- Metaphor: โroadsโ as choices in life.
And sorry I could not travel both
- Personal pronoun: โIโ emphasises the speakerโs personal experience.
- Irony: The speaker expresses regret at not being able to choose both paths.
The speaker expresses a sense of regret and longing, emphasising the difficulty of making choices when both options seem appealing.
And be one traveler, long I stood
- Repetition: โAndโ emphasises the sequence of events.
- Imagery: โstoodโ suggests a moment of contemplation and indecision, or paralysis due to indecision.
The speaker pauses and reflects on the decision, emphasising the weight and significance of the choice.
And looked down one as far as I could
- Imagery: โlooked downโ creates a visual image of the speaker examining one of the paths.
The speaker examines one of the paths, suggesting a careful and thoughtful evaluation of one of the choices.
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
- Imagery: โbent in the undergrowthโ describes the pathโs physical characteristics.
The path appears to curve and disappear into the undergrowth, signifying uncertainty and the unknown. Nature, and the natural order of life, does not allow someone to see into the future.
Stanza 2
Then took the other, as just as fair,
- Alliteration: โThen took the otherโ uses the repetition of the โtโ and โthโ sounds.
- Simile: โas just as fairโ compares the two paths.
The speaker decides to choose the other path, suggesting a sense of spontaneity and a desire for exploration. The paths are described as equally attractive.
And having perhaps the better claim,
- Assonance: โperhaps the better claimโ repeats the โeโ sound.
The speaker suggests that the chosen path may have a slight advantage or be slightly more appealing for some reason. The inclusion of the qualifier โperhapsโ highlights the ambiguity built into the poem.
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
- Personification: โwanted wearโ attributes a desire to the path.
- Imagery: โgrassyโ describes the pathโs physical characteristics.
The chosen path is described as less traveled and in need of more foot traffic, possibly symbolising the speakerโs desire for uniqueness and individuality.
Though as for that the passing there
- Concession: โThoughโ introduces a contrasting idea.
The speaker acknowledges that, in reality, both paths had been worn about the same by those who had passed through, negating the previous assessment that one was less travelled by. The concession โthoughโ adds to the uncertain and conversational tone which is present throughout.
Had worn them really about the same,
- Repetition: โthemโ refers to the paths, emphasising their similarity.
The speaker reiterates that both paths were essentially equal in terms of wear and use, suggesting that choices may not always be as significant as they seem. This also casts doubt on the conclusion of the poem, in which the choice to travel a less trodden path has made all the difference: the speaker freely admits that there is no noticeable difference between the two paths!
Stanza 3
And both that morning equally lay
- Repetition: โbothโ emphasises the duality of the paths.
The speaker emphasises that both paths were available and untraveled that morning, further underscoring their equal nature.
![And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/116-300x300.jpg)
In leaves no step had trodden black.
- Imagery: โleaves no step had trodden blackโ paints a visual image of untouched leaves.
The paths were covered with leaves, and no one had walked on them to the point of turning them black. This image highlights their freshness and unexplored potential. Perhaps the speaker is even more hesitant to make a decision on such a fresh and unspoiled path (future).
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
- Exclamation: โOhโ along with the punctuation at the end of the line, expresses the speakerโs enthusiastic realisation or decision.
- Conversational tone: โOhโ adds to the sense of narrative and conversational tone. This is supported by the line 16 idea that he will recount this tale in the future, that this is a significant moment in his life.
The speaker decides to save the other path for a future occasion, suggesting that they might return to it later in life, though the uncertainty of such a return is acknowledged.
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
- Caesura: โYetโ introduces a pause.
The speaker reflects on the nature of choices and the unpredictable way in which one decision can lead to others, potentially preventing a return to the unchosen path.
I doubted if I should ever come back.
- Personal pronoun: โIโ emphasises the speakerโs uncertainty and doubt, as well as the lyrical, personal nature of the poem.
The speaker expresses doubt about whether they will indeed have the opportunity to revisit the unchosen path, underscoring the irreversible nature of some choices.
Stanza 4
I shall be telling this with a sigh
- Imagery: โtelling this with a sighโ suggests the speaker recounting the story with a sense of regret or nostalgia.
The speaker anticipates sharing the story of this decision with a sigh, indicating that it will be remembered with a mixture of emotions. Sighs are often associated with exasperation, but could also suggest peace and satisfaction. The ambiguous nature of this sigh makes the poem tricky to interpret.
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
- Repetition: โages and agesโ emphasises the passage of time.
The speaker imagines recounting this experience far in the future, highlighting the enduring impact of the choice.
Two road diverged in a wood, and I -
- Repetition: โTwo roadsโ echoes the opening line.
The poem concludes by revisiting the initial image of the two diverging paths, emphasising the theme of choices and the significance of the one the speaker took. The pause created by the hyphen adds a sense of grandeur to the decision made, as if it were always under control and not the spontaneous decision it may have seemed in verse two.
I took the one less traveled by,
- Repetition: โI took the oneโ mirrors the earlier line.
The speaker reaffirms their choice to take the less-traveled path, emphasising their individuality and willingness to follow their own path. The description of this road as โless-traveledโ negates the previous comment that they were โequallyโ worn and โabout the sameโ. The subtle humour of the speakers own contradictions within this poem suggests there is a light-hearted nature at play, and that perhaps this poem should not be taken too seriously.
![The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost image](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/119-300x300.jpg)
And that has made all the difference.
- Repetition: โAnd thatโ mirrors earlier lines.
The poem ends with a powerful assertion that the choice to take the less-traveled path has had a significant and lasting impact on the speakerโs life, suggesting that the path chosen has indeed made a difference.
![Two roads diverged in a wood and I - I took the one less traveled by and that has made all the difference.](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Two-roads_The-Road-Not-Taken-by-Robert-Frost-300x300.jpg)
Analysis of themes in 'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost
This poem is interpreted in many, often opposing, ways. The ambiguity of the meaning lends itself to differences of opinion. There are some important themes to consider in order to draw out meaning and analysis and to decide for yourself the meaning you think is most accurate.
![Themes in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken](https://thinklit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/120-300x300.jpg)
Choices and Regret:
The poem explores the idea of making choices in life and the potential regrets that can accompany those choices. The speaker is faced with a decision, symbolised by two diverging paths. They express regret at not being able to take both paths, a feeling many people can relate to. This theme invites readers to reflect on their own life choices and the roads they have taken.
Individualism:
The poem celebrates individualism and the idea of forging oneโs unique path. The speaker chooses the less-travelled road, emphasising their desire to be distinct from others. This decision reflects a desire for independence and a willingness to go against the norm. The speaker also seems to celebrate this individualism by imagining themself regaling others with the story in future years. While the final line (โAnd that has made all the differenceโ) is neither a positive nor a negative outcome, the celebration of having made a good choice seems evident in the firm repetition of โI โ I took the one less travelled byโ.
Uncertainty:
The poem highlights the uncertainty of life and the unforeseen consequences of our decisions. The speaker admits that they cannot predict the future and doubts whether they will ever return to the other path. This reflects the unpredictable nature of lifeโs journey. In addition, the speaker admits that while the initially perceived one path to be less worn, in reality, there was not much between the two paths. This emphasises the uncertainty in the decision making process as well as in the outcomes of these choices.
Irony:
There is a sense of irony in the poem. While the speaker claims that taking the less-travelled path has made all the difference, the reality is that both paths were likely equally valid choices. The speakerโs retrospective analysis imbues their choice with significance that it may not have had at the time. In addition, the phrase โwith a sighโ implies that the speaker is making more of the decision that it truly deserves.
Narrative and Memory:
The poem explores the act of storytelling and how we shape our lifeโs narrative through the stories we tell about our choices. The speaker anticipates telling the story of their choice โwith a sighโ, suggesting that they will frame it as a pivotal moment in their life.ย
Critique of Conformity:
Some interpretations suggest that the poem is a critique of societal pressure and conformity. The speaker rejects the well-trodden path and chooses the one less travelled to assert their individuality and resistance to conformity. This interpretation doesnโt sit well with the previous analysis of irony, where it is apparent that both paths were equally worn.ย
To sum up, the poem is ambiguous: is the speaker suggesting that he made a good choice based on informed observations? And indeed, that that has made the difference to his life? Or perhaps he is suggesting that a random choice made a long time before has had a significant impact. It is also unclear whether the speaker perceives this difference to be a positive difference or a negative one.ย
Analysis of form and structure
Verse structure
โThe Road Not Takenโ is a narrative poem consisting of four quintains (verses with five lines each). The versification is regular, perhaps reflecting the reflective tone and organised thinking of the speaker.
Rhythm
The rhythm is regular, with four stressed syllables per line, creating an iambic tetrameter rhythm, although there are some variations to this rhythm.
Rhyme
The rhyme scheme is ABAAB repeating consistently in each stanza. This regular rhyme scheme reflects the universal nature of choice and decisions: these are shared experiences, common to all. The regularity also places focus on two sounds in each stanza: the A sound and the B sound. This duality of rhyme in each stanza perhaps reflects the two options presented by the two roads.ย
Quiz on 'The Road Not Taken'
The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost
Test your knowledge of the poem 'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost
Question
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Comprehension Questions on 'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost
- What is the central theme of โThe Road Not Takenโ?
- How does the speaker describe the two roads he encounters in the woods?
- What emotions does the speaker express regarding his decision in the poem?
- How does the speaker feel about the road he ultimately chooses?
- What does the speaker mean by the phrase โAnd that has made all the differenceโ in the final stanza?
- What do you think the two roads symbolise in the poem?
- Do you believe the speaker regrets his decision? Why or why not?
- How does the poemโs title relate to its central message?
- How does Robert Frost use imagery and metaphor to convey the poemโs themes and emotions?
- Which other poem from the CCEA Identity Anthology would you choose to write about, and why, as a comparison to โThe Road Not Takenโ?
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I Remember, I Remember reflects on childhood memories and the passage of time. Frostโs poem emphasises the significance of choices in lifeโs journey. You could compare how both poems address the theme of memory and retelling stories of the past and its impact on identity. Both poems create a conversational tone and are autobiographical.ย There is plenty to contrast in the two poemsโ form, structure and language.